[211] Because the railroads carried the mail, and because several of the affected lines were in federal receivership, Cleveland believed a federal solution was appropriate. As a reformer, Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "Mugwumps", largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election. [108] Cleveland angered railroad investors by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by government grant. [159], Cleveland also claimed paternity of an additional child named Oscar Folsom Cleveland with Maria Crofts Halpin. [67] The first to attract attention was his veto of a bill to reduce the fares on New York City elevated trains to five cents. Overall, Cleveland’s second term, 1893-97, was more fraught, and saw him dealing with the Pullman strike and other outcroppings of the most severe depression the country had seen thus far. In early 1893 they overthrew her, set up a republican government under Sanford B. Dole, and sought to join the United States. [255] The party won only 100,000 votes in the general election, and William McKinley, the Republican nominee, triumphed easily over Bryan. He also appeared on the first few issues of the $20 Federal Reserve Notes from 1914. [239] The team, sedating Cleveland with nitrous oxide and ether, successfully removed parts of his upper left jaw and hard palate. [270] In 1895 he became the first U.S. president who was filmed.[271]. The Enforcement Act of 1871 had provided for a detailed federal overseeing of the electoral process, from registration to the certification of returns. The income tax component of the Wilson-Gorman Act was partially ruled unconstitutional in 1895. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey, to Ann (née Neal) and Richard Falley Cleveland. [14], Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, where his father was pastor at the time. [192] The debate over the coinage was as heated as ever, and the effects of the panic had driven more moderates to support repealing the coinage provisions of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. president, led America through World War I and crafted the Versailles Treaty's "Fourteen Points," the last of which was creating a League of Nations to ensure world peace. [96] Blaine hoped that he would have more support from Irish Americans than Republicans typically did; while the Irish were mainly a Democratic constituency in the 19th century, Blaine's mother was Irish Catholic, and he had been supportive of the Irish National Land League while he was Secretary of State. "The Emergence of Grover Cleveland: a Fresh Appraisal", DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland: Another Look. Grover Cleveland, a two non-consecutive term President of the United States of America, was a New York-born lawyer who holds the record of being the first Democrat to occupy the White House after the American Civil War. Parker. Ha! [113] Cleveland used the veto far more often than any president up to that time. "[57] The Council reversed itself and awarded the contract to the lowest bidder. [95] In New York, the Tammany Democrats decided that they would gain more from supporting a Democrat they disliked than a Republican who would do nothing for them. "[101], Soon after taking office, Cleveland was faced with the task of filling all the government jobs for which the president had the power of appointment. Grover Cleveland’s marriage brought a family focus to his life, but he saw that his young wife needed to be shielded from the press—they sought her out for story after story. Nevins, 524–528, 537–540. [22] After his father died in 1853, he again left school to help support his family. This distinguished leader, the only Democrat elected to the presidency between the Civil War and World War I, rose to political prominence through the ranks of mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York before his election to this nation's highest office. The knowledge he gained from these experiences helped him pass the bar exam in 1858 without any structured formal study. The other, Benjamin Harrison, was in office at the time that the change was made. Becoming First Lady at age 21, she remains the youngest First Lady in history. The friendliness and charity of our countrymen can always be relied upon to relieve their fellow-citizens in misfortune. This marriage was unusual because Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances's upbringing after her father's death; nevertheless, the public took no exception to the match. [121] In reply, one of the foremost silverites, Richard P. Bland, introduced a bill in 1886 that would require the government to coin unlimited amounts of silver, inflating the then-deflating currency. [15] In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where Grover spent much of his childhood. Cleveland believed that hardship built character. Grover returned to Clinton and his schooling at the completion of the apprentice contract. [166] Further, the Democrats in New York were divided over the gubernatorial candidacy of David B. Hill, weakening Cleveland's support in that swing state. [240] In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the Oneida, Dr. William W. Keen, wrote an article detailing the operation. [152] Cleveland believed the Dawes Act would lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society. [253][254] Cleveland silently supported the Gold Democrats' third-party ticket that promised to defend the gold standard, limit government and oppose high tariffs, but he declined their nomination for a third term. Paul Gibb, "Unmasterly Inactivity? [115] After a drought had ruined crops in several Texas counties, Congress appropriated $100,000 (equivalent to $2,845,556 in 2019) to purchase seed grain for farmers there. Can 'Don the Con' match 'Grover the Good'? The 22-year-old woman was Cleveland's wife, Frances, his law partner's daughter, for whose love he chastely waited 10 years. [89] On some of the most damaging correspondence, Blaine had written "Burn this letter", giving Democrats the last line to their rallying cry: "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter! [60], New York Democratic party officials began to consider Cleveland a possible nominee for governor. In 1892, Cleveland had campaigned against the Lodge Bill,[205] which would have strengthened voting rights protections through the appointing of federal supervisors of congressional elections upon a petition from the citizens of any district. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) 20. The Board and the program are usually called the Endicott Board and the Endicott Program. President Cleveland’s Problem Child Not even a specific allegation of philandering, illicit pregnancy and coverup barred Grover Cleveland from the White House [219] The Harrison administration had quickly agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval. Nevins makes no mention of these last words. Other suggestions included ameloblastoma[243] or a benign salivary mixed tumor (also known as a pleomorphic adenoma). Although he won three consecutive popular votes for president, 1884, 1888 and 1892, he lost the 1888 election when Benjamin Harrison won the electoral college vote. [29] With the American Civil War raging, Congress passed the Conscription Act of 1863, requiring able-bodied men to serve in the army if called upon, or else to hire a substitute. [115] Cleveland vetoed the expenditure. [79] Cleveland, too, had detractors—Tammany remained opposed to him—but the nature of his enemies made him still more friends. He is known for founding the Democratic Party and for his support of individual liberty. [260] Cleveland still made his views known in political matters. [148], Although Cleveland had condemned the "outrages" against Chinese immigrants, he believed that Chinese immigrants were unwilling to assimilate into white society. Later that year, Cleveland's brother William was hired as a teacher at the New York Institute for the Blind in New York City, and William obtained a place for Cleveland as an assistant teacher. Fast facts about the American President Grover Cleveland: Background, Political career, Military Service, Presidency Highlights, Main Events, Achievements, height, weight, family, religion . [19] Despite his father's dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. A few years ago I read “A Secret Life: The Lies and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland” by Charles Lachman. [193] In the Senate, the repeal of silver coinage was equally contentious. [218] The Senate, under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland, commissioned and produced the Morgan Report, which contradicted Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair. In 1893, after the death of Samuel Blatchford, Cleveland nominated William B. Hornblower to the Court. [161], Chief Justice Morrison Waite died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated Melville Fuller to fill his seat on April 30, 1888. Age sixteen at the time of his father's death, Cleveland had to forego his … This book had a great deal of information about Frances’ but from Cleveland’s viewpoint. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18th, 1837 to Reverend Richard Cleveland and his wife Ann. [84] William C. Hudson created Cleveland's contextual campaign slogan "A public office is a public trust. [256] Agrarians nominated Bryan again in 1900. [69] Cleveland, however, saw the bill as unjust—Gould had taken over the railroads when they were failing and had made the system solvent again. Wife: Frances Folsom: Children: Ruth Cleveland, Esther Cleveland, Marion Cleveland, Richard Cleveland, Francis Cleveland : U.S. Presidents 16-25; 16. ", "I suppose that right and justice should determine the path to be followed in treating this subject. Ha! Cleveland declined, and in 1855 he decided to move west. Cleveland waged war against political corruption and the patronage system. Fuller accepted. [191] The panic was worsened by the acute shortage of gold that resulted from the increased coinage of silver, and Cleveland called Congress into special session to deal with the problem. [123], Another contentious financial issue at the time was the protective tariff. [78] Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain. [93] When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth. ", Bard, Mitchell. Cleveland's father was a Congregational and Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) 19. In an attempt to discredit her, he had her institutionalized and had their child taken away and raised by his friends. Cleveland was raised in a strict, modest home. Grover Cleveland Alexander, byname Old Pete, (born February 26, 1887, Elba, Nebraska, U.S.—died November 4, 1950, St. Paul, Nebraska), American professional baseball player, one of the finest right-handed pitchers in the history of the game, frequently considered the greatest master of control. Bush is latest", "Grover Cleveland's Sex Scandal: The Most Despicable in American Political History", National Archives and Records Administration, List of United States presidential vetoes, "Cleveland's Veto of the Texas Seed Bill", Endicott and Taft Boards at the Coast Defense Study Group website, Civil War and 1870s defenses at the Coast Defense Study Group website, List of all US coastal forts and batteries. [209], The Pullman Strike had a significantly greater impact than Coxey's Army. [52] The party leaders approached Cleveland, and he agreed to run for Mayor of Buffalo, provided that the rest of the ticket was to his liking. [39] He won the election by a 303-vote margin and took office on January 1, 1871 at age 33. He secretly bought a farmhouse, Oak View (or Oak Hill), in a rural upland part of the District of Columbia, in 1886, and remodeled it into a Queen Anne style summer estate. When asked when she would return, she responded, "We are coming back four years from today. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character is the first comprehensive study of our 22nd and 24th president in nearly seventy years. [224] When Britain and Venezuela disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of British Guiana, Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney protested. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented, and by 1910, 27 locations were defended by over 70 forts. From 1911 to 1930 he won 373 major league games and lost 208. [122] While Bland's bill was defeated, so was a bill the administration favored that would repeal any silver coinage requirement. These tariffs had been implemented as a temporary measure during the civil war to protect American industrial interests but remained in place after the war. Grover spent his boyhood in the central New York towns of Fayetteville and Clinton, where his father ministered until he died. [111] He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for American Civil War veterans, believing that if their pensions requests had already been rejected by the Pension Bureau, Congress should not attempt to override that decision. President Trump made an unscheduled visit to Walter Reed, sparking questions about his health. [71], Cleveland's defiance of political corruption won him popular acclaim, and the enmity of the influential Tammany Hall organization in New York City. They failed for lack of unity and a national leader, as Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld had been born in Germany and was ineligible to be nominated for president. Cleveland was aware of graft in the sheriff's office during his tenure and chose not to confront it. Share Grover's life story with friends and family. [128] The tariff issue was emphasized in the Congressional elections that year, and the forces of protectionism increased their numbers in the Congress, but Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform. Because Cleveland served terms both before and after Congress eliminated the circuit courts in favor of the Courts of Appeals, he is one of only two presidents to have appointed judges to both bodies. [2] Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. The Republicans campaigned heavily on the tariff issue, turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North. [63] Cleveland, in third place on the first ballot, picked up support in subsequent votes and emerged as the compromise choice. His new wife was a beautiful young woman 27 years his junior named Frances Folsom. [246] Further, Cleveland had not consulted the Senators before naming his appointee, leaving many who were already opposed to Cleveland on other grounds even more aggrieved. [185] Harrison did not personally campaign at all. But his first election was also noteworthy. [134] Cleveland's Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, negotiated with Joseph Chamberlain of the United Kingdom over fishing rights in the waters off Canada, and struck a conciliatory note, despite the opposition of New England's Republican Senators. Not long thereafter, suburban residential development reached the area, which came to be known as Oak View, and then Cleveland Heights, and eventually Cleveland Park. James B. Hedges (1940), "North America", in, Nevins, 614–618; Graff, 118–119; Jeffers, 296–297, Nevins, 619–623; Jeffers, 298–302. [20] In 1853, when missionary work began to take a toll on his health, Cleveland's father took an assignment in Holland Patent, New York (near Utica) and the family moved again. Being less a presser of his own agenda than a monitor of Congress earned him yet another nickname: “guardian president.” He exercised his veto power 584 times—more than double the number cast by all previous presidents, and the highest number of any president except Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who had been elected to four terms. [262], Cleveland's health had been declining for several years, and in the autumn of 1907 he fell seriously ill.[263] In 1908, he suffered a heart attack and died on June 24 at age 71 in his Princeton residence. [59] For this, and other actions safeguarding public funds, Cleveland's reputation as a leader willing to purge government corruption began to spread beyond Erie County. I obtained the book from Audible. [168] The Republicans won Indiana, largely as the result of a fraudulent voting practice known as Blocks of Five. [34] While his personal quarters were austere, Cleveland enjoyed an active social life and "the easy-going sociability of hotel-lobbies and saloons. the Panic of 1893). One comparison is the current president is 23 years older than his wife. John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. president, negotiated the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and initiated the Alliance for Progress. [219] Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate and sent former Congressman James Henderson Blount to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there. [182] As a supporter of greenbacks and Free Silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in the rural districts, Stevenson balanced the otherwise hard-money, gold-standard ticket headed by Cleveland.[183]. His father, Richard Falley Cleveland, was a Presbyterian minister who moved his family many times when he was transferred to new churches. 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