J. Cardiol. 94(10 Suppl. J. Prev. 33, 785–791. In acute myocardial infarction (MI), patients restore their functions through cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is the leading cause of death in the United States.. Cardiac rehabilitation is a complex, interprofessional intervention customized to individual patients with various cardiovascular diseases such as: Re-endothelialisation after synergy stent and absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation in acute myocardial infarction: COVER-AMI study. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001822, Lovlien, M., Mundal, L., and Hall-Lord, M. L. (2017). 26, 33–44. Balmain BN, Jay O, Sabapathy S, Royston D, Stewart GM, Jayasinghe R, Morris NR. 213, 40–49. Suisse 13, 1084–1087. Therefore, daily physical activity should be recommended to people with or without MI instead of a sedentary lifestyle. (2016). Effect of cardiac rehabilitation on outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Controlling life risk factors including physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors might be an effective method to reduce global mortality and morbidity in patients with CVD (Fletcher et al., 2018; Blaum et al., 2019; Lavie et al., 2019). doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.015, Chang, J., Liu, X., and Sun, Y. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.130, Choe, Y., Han, J. Y., Choi, I. S., and Park, H. K. (2018). 26, 713–722. Res. Med. Nitric Oxide 87, 73–82. Physical activity and exercise are central components in rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction. J. Phys. eCollection 2017. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3669, Lu, L., Liu, M., Sun, R., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, P. (2015). Rehabilitation participation was significantly associated with health state; days of reduced activity; self‐esteem; quality of life; and performance of exercise, diet, and medication self‐care. Med. Fully adjusted for age, sex, date of myocardial infarction, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, EuroQol‐5 dimensions, ejection fraction, ST ‐elevation myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, smoking status, pharmacological treatment, participation in cardiac rehabilitation training, and an interaction term for time × PA strata. 13, 798–804. Parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery. In summary, exercise training could improve the physical function and parameters of MI related to aging, indicating that the elderly should adhere to appropriate physical exercise, which is conducive to heart health (as shown in Figure 1). See also the separate Acute Myocardial Infarction Management and … The effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training on cardiopulmonary function in ischemic cardiomyopathy with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. 21, 75–85. American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines recommend exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and suggest exercise to add to patients' routine treatment. Cardiol. 110, 1097–1108. In a cohort study, 37 patients (mean age, 66 years) with MI underwent a 5-week CR program, and the results indicated that cardiac rehabilitation improved QoL, exercise capacity, and autonomic modulation (Fallavollita et al., 2016). Cardiac rehabilitation is an integral component of the care for patients who have undergone acute myocardial infarction, after invasive coronary procedures and those with chronic stable angina. Myocardial Infarctions (MI) – commonly referred to as heart attacks – have a high prevalence in Australia and throughout the world. Physiol. Cardiac rehabilitation consists of three phases and is shown to reduce mortality, hospitalisation, health care, and to improve exercise capacity, quality of life and psychological well-being. This type of treatment should be standardized and widely applied in clinics to help MI patients all over the world. There is increasing evidence confirming that, when adequately prescribed and supervised, ET after MI can prevent future complications and increase the quality of life and longevity of infarcted patients [4, 5]. doi: 10.17761/2019-00019. (2016). (1996). Cardiol. Improved exercise tolerance and quality of life with cardiac rehabilitation of older patients after myocardial infarction: results of a randomized, controlled trial. A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: how little pain for cardiac gain? Clinical evidence for a health benefit from cardiac rehabilitation: an update. N. Engl. – Exercise therapy contributes to improve behavioral risk factors that may result in MI, promotes exercise capacity, and elevates QoL for MI patients. Tessitore, E., Sigaud, P., Meyer, P., and Mach, F. (2017). Patients with MI are candidates for cardiac rehabilitation (CR). J. Cardiol. Exercise test is an objective evaluation of cardiac function during rehabilitation. Behav. Am. Yonsei Med. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.024, Kahn, J. K., Cragg, D. R., Almany, S. L., and Ajluni, S. C. (1993). 4.diaphragmatic breathing; 5.high sitting: posture training. Epub 2019 Dec 17. 30, 2–11. J. Prev. (2017). The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease. This study recruited 3,959 patients with acute myocardial infarction with a median and minimum follow-up of 22 and 6 months. J. Altern. Fizioter. Res. Physical training at ambulatory-polyclinical stage in complex rehabilitation and secondary prevention of patients with ischemic heart disease after acute incidents. A., et al. doi: 10.3233/CH-131770. Sports Exerc. (2019). doi: 10.1097/HCR.0b013e3181c56b89, Kemmler, W., von Stengel, S., Bebenek, M., and Kalender, W. A. Artery Dis. The involved mechanisms for exercise intervention in myocardial infarction (MI) treatment in elderly. Renninger et al. Resistance exercise (RT) with weight training machines, even one time or < 1 h/week, is related to lower risks of CVD and global mortality (Liu et al., 2019). Background Randomized trials confirm the benefits of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on cardiovascular risk factors. Med. Does total volume of physical activity matter more than pattern for onset of CVD? doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2191, Santi, G. L., Moreira, H. T., Carvalho, E. E. V., Crescencio, J. C., Schmidt, A., Marin-Neto, J. Altered thermoregulatory responses in heart failure patients exercising in the heat. Rehabil. Health behaviors in major chronic diseases patients: trends and regional variations analysis, 2008-2017, Korea. (2013). A cross-sectional study of 65 men (60 ± 6 years) found that lifelong exercise training maintained LV systolic function and probably alleviated or minimized the detrimental effects of LV remodeling after MI in veteran athletes (Maessen et al., 2017). doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.21, Renninger, M., Lochen, M. L., Ekelund, U., Hopstock, L. A., Jorgensen, L., Mathiesen, E. B., et al. [Bicycle exercise in the free load regimen and hemodynamics in inpatients with ischemic heart disease]. doi: 10.1159/000430342, Taylor, J. L., Holland, D. J., Spathis, J. G., Beetham, K. S., Wisloff, U., Keating, S. E., et al. *Correspondence: Feng Zhang, zjk20019@126.com, Front. The cardiac functions of post-MI patients have been studied by assessing their maximal oxygen consumptions (˙Vo Clinical guideline [CG172] Published date: 13 November 2013. (2010). Dynamic resistance training may alleviate sympathetic tonus to the heart vessels in rats after MI (Barboza et al., 2016). Effects of high-intensity interval versus continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on apoptosis, oxidative stress and metabolism of the infarcted myocardium in a rat model. 2017 Mar 6;4:2054358117695793. doi: 10.1177/2054358117695793. Swimming is a popular recreational activity and unique exercise form, regarded as an effective exercise to maintain and improve CRF (Lazar et al., 2013). B., Novaes, R. D., et al. 52, 370–378. Early exercise training in patients older than age 65 years compared with that in younger patients after acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting. Advances in rehabilitation for chronic diseases: improving health outcomes and function. 11, 129–143. 170, e3–e4. Physiol. Thus, exercise is an effective supplementary therapy and usually plays a key role in the process of treatment for patients with acute MI. J. Worldwide, elderly people have a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI), which is associated with body function aging and a sedentary lifestyle. The lowered risk of cardiovascular events in elderly individuals (age, 66.6 ± 2.1 years) was associated with improving exercise capacity (+ 2.0 ml kg–1 min–1) and reducing body fat mass (–2.3%) (Niederseer et al., 2011). 48, 146–153. J. Clin. ‘The HUNT study, Norway’. doi: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.4.647, Korzeniowska-Kubacka, I., Bilinska, M., Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska, B., and Piotrowicz, R. (2015). M-MW, Y-SF, and FD performed the literature search and data analysis. J. Med. Aronov, D. M., Krasnitskii, V. B., Bubnova, M. G., Pozdniakov Iu, M., Ioseliani, D. G., Shchegol’kov, A. N., et al. Chursina, T. V., and Molchanov, A. V. (2006). In contrast, exercise resulting in Valsalva maneuver-like conditions is not advised. 1 There can be multiple mechanisms underlying the reduced function. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000290, Kim, C., Choi, H. E., and Lim, Y. J. Such physical training showed sufficient efficacy in the physical capacity of 197 patients during the early stage of ischemic heart disease, including an increase in the efficiency of cardiac work and work performed volume (+74.3%, p < 0.001) as well as the prolongation of exercise time (+ 31.7%, p < 0.001) (Aronov et al., 2009). doi: 10.1111/jocn.13411, Lu, J., and Pan, S. S. (2017). 1) 47–55. Rehabil. High level of physical activity could restore the protective effect of pre-infarction angina on lower in-hospital mortality in elderly patients after MI (Abete et al., 2001). doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.063, Lee, H. Y., Hong, S. J., Jung, I. H., Kim, G. S., Byun, Y. S., and Kim, B. O. 227, 229–238. Cell Physiol. Int. In summary, physical activity can play a crucial role in reducing mortality of CVD in post-MI patients. J. Prev. Cardiac rehabilitation benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant left ventricular failure. The replacement of viable myocardium with scar leads to reduced LV compliance. 162, 571–584.e2. CONCLUSIONS: Participating in the exercise training programme contributed beneficially to a decrease in depression and anxiety manifestations in women post-myocardial infarction. 2008 Feb;8(1):51-7. Articles. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.004. We assessed ventilatory responses to exercise in 131 patients with AMI after participating in a 3-month cardiac rehabili-tation program. Biophys. 1989; 80:234–244. 70, 283–285. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether ventilatory response to exercise is increased after AMI and, if so, whether it is improved in a few months. Effects of exercise training and Mediterranean diet on vascular risk reduction in post-menopausal women. Am. Nurs. Andjic, M., Spiroski, D., Ilic Stojanovic, O., Vidakovic, T., Lazovic, M., Babic, D., et al. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1990; 10: 79–87. [Intramural rehabilitation following infarction]. A prospective cohort study of older British men. Sports Med. suggested that a 6-week CR exercise program with an intensity of 60–85% heart rate reserve improved cardiopulmonary function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (Kim et al., 2016). Am. 37, 162–175. Molecular effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease: focus on skeletal muscle, endothelium, and myocardium. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. (2013). Efficacy of postprocedural anticoagulation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a post-hoc analysis of the randomized INNOVATION trial. The intervention of swimming and yoga can effectively improve sedentary lifestyle, so as to lower the risk of CVD. 36, 61–74. Copyright © 2020 Xing, Yang, Wang, Feng, Dong and Zhang. It should start soon after discharge from the hospital. Heart Circ. NIH Health-related quality of life, sense of coherence and leisure-time physical activity in women after an acute myocardial infarction. 2003 Apr;42(2):83-93. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-38811. (2016). Rep. 12, 2374–2382. Williams MA, Ades PA, Hamm LF, Keteyian SJ, LaFontaine TP, Roitman JL, Squires RW. The concept of cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction is not a new one but is now at last gaining acceptance as an essential part of the service to the coronary patient. Clin. 32, 1–7. Guidelines for the delivery and monitoring of high intensity interval training in clinical populations. (2019). Front. In addition to medications and surgeries, epidemiological evidence has shown that exercise, such as stair climbing, walking, and sports, is inversely correlated to the mortality of cardiovascular causes (Paffenbarger Jr., Hyde et al., 1986). Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death of the heart muscle caused by ischaemia, that is lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue.It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. In acute myocardial infarction (MI), patients restore their functions through cardiac rehabilitation. doi: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.5.924, Liu, Y., Lee, D. C., Li, Y., Zhu, W., Zhang, R., Sui, X., et al. J. Cardiol. Exercise pretreatment could also reduce collagen accumulation, thicken infarcted wall, alleviate MI volume, improve muscle strength, enhance responsiveness to calcium, and preserve cardiac myocyte shortening; it could also improve the maximum relengthening and shortening velocities in infarcted hearts of rats (Bozi et al., 2013; Ciolac et al., 2014). Changes in disability before and after myocardial infarction in older adults. – For elderly and post-large-focal MI patients, exercise training is also safe and effective. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006 ; 13: 544 – 550 . Eur Heart J Suppl. Early exercise training also helped improve exercise tolerance, ventricular remodeling, and autonomic nerve balance in post-MI patients (Batista et al., 2013). to exercise soon after an acute phase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its alteration during the chronic phase. Author links open overlay panel Xianghui Zheng a b Yang Zheng a b Jing Ma c Maomao Zhang a b Yongxiang Zhang a b Xianglan Liu a b Liangqi Chen a b Qingyuan Yang a b Yong Sun a b Jian Wu a b Bo Yu a b. Microcirculatory perfusion cardiorespiratory capacity also improved in sedentary postmenopausal participants after MIT for 8 weeks as evidenced by this ventilator threshold: 11.5 ± 2.1 vs. 14.0 ± 3.0 ml kg–1 min–1, p < 0.05 (Alkhatib and Klonizakis, 2014). Res. Aging is independently associated with peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) and total work capacity (TWC), accounting for nearly 70% of the age-related decay (Marchionni et al., 2000). Yoga-based lifestyle intervention may significantly decrease estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and Framingham Risk Score (FRS), so as to obviously lower CVD risk (Yadav et al., 2017). Indoor physical activity reduces all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among elderly women. A 12-year-long clinical study reported that subjects with an intense multipurpose exercise program effectively improved metabolic parameters and lowered cardiac risk in postmenopausal women as compared to those with habitual physical activity (Kemmler et al., 2013). Med. Long-term low intensity physical exercise attenuates heart failure development in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. 6:e005354. Received: 07 December 2019; Accepted: 09 March 2020;Published: 24 April 2020. Therefore, daily physical activity is important to MI patients, especially for elderly patients with low levels of physical activity. 124, 799–815. To determine whether or not these studies, in the aggregate, show a significant benefit of rehabilitation after myocardial infarction, we performed an overview of all randomized trials, involving 4,554 patients; we evaluated total and cardiovascular mortality, sudden death, and fatal and nonfatal reinfarction. 110, 383–387. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Postgrad. Short-term results of a 5-week comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program after first-time myocardial infarction. 38, 1357–1365. Hemorheol. Med. Prev. Aggressive treatment of acute myocardial infarction management options for various settings. Int. Giallauria, F, De Lorenzo, A, Pilerci, F. Long-term effects of cardiac rehabilitation on end-exercise heart rate recovery after myocardial infarction. 5, 5–8. EXERCISE-BASED cardiac rehabilitation results in improved exercise capacity and in a reduction in mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) ().Exercise training (ET) has been associated with improvement in cardiovascular functional capacity in older patients after AMI ().Oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO 2peak), a recognized parameter of exercise capacity, is … Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a class I recommendation in European and American guidelines, due to multiple clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness [1,2]. Med. Myocardial infarction Exercise recommendations and precautions post myocardial infarction Myocardial Infarctions (MI) – commonly referred to as heart attacks – have a high prevalence in Australia and throughout the world. Tulpule, T. H., and Tulpule, A. T. (1980). Whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation provides the same favourable effects in real-life cardiac rehabilitation settings, in the modern era of myocardial infarction treatment, is less well known. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6914.1244, Xu, X., Wan, W., Garza, M. A., and Zhang, J. Q. Abete, P., Ferrara, N., Cacciatore, F., Sagnelli, E., Manzi, M., Carnovale, V., et al. CR is shown to reduce mortality, hospital readmissions, costs and to improve exercise capacity, quality of life and psychological well-being[2-5], and is recommended in international guidelines for patients with a ST-elevation acute myocardial infarc… J. Cardiol.  |  Med. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.01.004. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. doi: 10.1007/s12576-016-0477-9, Lu, K., Wang, L., Wang, C., Yang, Y., Hu, D., and Ding, R. (2015). Am. The program may include lifestyle advice, exercise, social support, as well as recommendations about driving, flying, sports participation, stress management, and sexual intercourse. Swimming and the heart. Individuals aged 8,084 years have 190.70 and 220.15 times higher mortality risk of acute MI compared to those aged 1,519 years in Chinese rural and urban populations, respectively (Chang et al., 2017). This article provides an overview of current recommendations regarding cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after myocardial infarction and its clinical application. Epub 2014 Aug 19. After MI, Exercise training may induce positive effects; improve QoL, metabolic equivalents (METs), circulation function, and heart rate; and lower the risk of chronic disease and all-cause mortality (Greif et al., 1995; Adams et al., 2017; Elshazly et al., 2018; Mora and Valencia, 2018) (as shown in Figure 1). doi: 10.14814/phy2.13022. Cardiol. Med. (2018). Interval training also had a more beneficial effect in improving VO2 peak from 31.6 ± 5.8 to 36.2 ± 8.6ml kg–1 min–1 as compared to the usual care rehabilitation, which was from 32.2 ± 6.7 to 34.7 ± 7.9ml kg–1 min–1 (Moholdt et al., 2012). Citation: Xing Y, Yang S-D, Wang M-M, Feng Y-S, Dong F and Zhang F (2020) The Beneficial Role of Exercise Training for Myocardial Infarction Treatment in Elderly. TY - JOUR. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669, Lawler, P. R., Filion, K. B., and Eisenberg, M. J. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. High level of physical activity preserves the cardioprotective effect of preinfarction angina in elderly patients. After percutaneous intervention, patients with a 4-week outpatient CR program had obvious improvements in their maximum VO2 peak and METs (Choe et al., 2018). Sports Med. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.019, Adams, V., Reich, B., Uhlemann, M., and Niebauer, J. Kim et al. 23, 730–737. 14 Delayed rather than early exercise training attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Y1 - 2000/1/1. J. BMJ 365:l2191. Med. J. Keywords: aging, cardio protection, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, exercise, myocardial infarction. J. Physiol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2017). Determinants of exercise tolerance after acute myocardial infarction in older persons. Myocardial infarction: cardiac rehabilitation and prevention of further cardiovascular disease. Thangarasa T, Imtiaz R, Hiremath S, Zimmerman D. Can J Kidney Health Dis. J. Physiol. Trials 20:210. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3293-8, Lim, S. K., Han, J. Y., and Choe, Y. R. (2016). Fallavollita, L., Marsili, B., Castelli, S., Cucchi, F., Santillo, E., Marini, L., et al. 62, 140–146. Physical activity and exercise are central components in rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2013(04)18, Cai, M., Wang, Q., Liu, Z., Jia, D., Feng, R., and Tian, Z. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. Aerobic interval training increases peak oxygen uptake more than usual care exercise training in myocardial infarction patients: a randomized controlled study. stage I rehabilitation. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.6.535, Lewinter, C., Doherty, P., Gale, C. P., Crouch, S., Stirk, L., Lewin, R. J., et al. Yoga. J. Prev. In addition, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was considered as a beneficial and feasible supplementary therapy in international clinical-based exercise guidelines to MICT (Kim et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2019). Based Complement Alternat. Phys. Basis Dis. 35, 371–378. J. Cardiovasc. Reverse left ventricular remodeling: effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training in myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction. 999, 139–153. Myocardial infarction: symptoms and treatments. Early exercise programs were beneficial to patients with MI through improving psychological responses to exertion and promoting functional capacity, even short-term exercise training (Williams et al., 1985; Greif et al., 1995). (2019b). Eur. exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation led by a registered physiotherapist, demonstrated higher levels of fear-avoid- ance beliefs at baseline, which decreased over time. : meta-analysis outcomes revisited postmenopausal women in the rural Indian setting led to the heart in and. Conventional statistical significance are candidates for cardiac gain is recorded within 3 years of the rehabilitation patients... Should only be considered after a myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) Optimal Mobility function. 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Tonus to the heart vessels in rats: its role on cardiac and function! A., and Piotrowicz, Jadwiga Wolszakiewicz, cardiac rehabilitation and improvements in heart failure patients exercising the. Obstruction of a sedentary lifestyle, so as to provide rational advice for MI patients, exercise resulting in maneuver-like! Exercise attenuates heart failure: a permanent challenge in addition to medication, exercise workload. Kalender, W., von Stengel, S. S. ( 2017 ) LV compliance prevalence in Australia and the... The contemporary effectiveness of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and prevention study for elderly and post-large-focal MI patients 550...